The Berkeley Evolution Site
The Berkeley site offers resources that can help students and educators understand and teach evolution. The materials are arranged into different learning paths, such as "What did T. rex taste like?"
Charles Darwin's theory on natural selection explains how creatures who are better equipped to adapt biologically to a changing environments over time, and those who do not end up becoming extinct. Science is about this process of evolutionary change.
What is Evolution?
The word evolution has many nonscientific meanings. For instance "progress" or "descent with modification." Scientifically it refers to a process of changing the characteristics of living organisms (or species) over time. The reason for this change is biological terms on natural selection and drift.
Evolution is the central tenet of modern biology. It is a concept that has been tested and verified by thousands of scientific tests. It does not address spiritual beliefs or God's presence like other theories of science, such as the Copernican or germ theory of diseases.
Early evolutionists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin (Charles's grandfather), believed that certain physical characteristics were predetermined to change, in a step-like manner,
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Darwin revealed his theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species published in the early 1800s. It states that all species of organisms share a common ancestry which can be traced through fossils and other evidence. This is the modern view on evolution, and is supported by a variety of scientific fields, including molecular biology.
Although scientists aren't able to determine exactly how organisms developed however they are sure that the evolution of life on earth is the result of natural selection and genetic drift. People with traits that are advantageous are more likely to live and reproduce, and these individuals pass their genes on to the next generation. Over time, the gene pool gradually changes and evolves into new species.
Certain scientists also use the term"evolution" to refer to large-scale evolutionary changes, such as the formation of an entirely new species from an ancestral species. Certain scientists, such as population geneticists, define the term "evolution" in a more broad sense by using the term "net change" to refer to the change in the frequency of alleles across generations. Both definitions are acceptable and precise however some scientists believe that the allele-frequency definition is missing crucial aspects of the evolutionary process.
Origins of Life
A key step in evolution is the emergence of life. The emergence of life happens when living systems begin to develop at a micro scale, for instance within individual cells.
The origin of life is an important subject in a variety of areas that include biology and chemical. The nature of life is a subject that is of immense interest to scientists because it is a challenge to the theory of evolution. It is sometimes referred to "the mystery" of life or "abiogenesis."
Traditionally, the belief that life can arise from nonliving objects is known as spontaneous generation or "spontaneous evolution." This was a common belief before Louis Pasteur's experiments showed that it was impossible for the development of life to be a result of an entirely natural process.
Many scientists believe it is possible to move from nonliving to living substances. The conditions needed to create life are difficult to reproduce in a lab. This is why scientists investigating the nature of life are also interested in understanding the physical properties of the early Earth and other planets.
The growth of life is dependent on a variety of complex chemical reactions, which cannot be predicted by the basic physical laws. These include the reading and the replication of complex molecules, such as DNA or RNA, to produce proteins that perform a particular function. These chemical reactions are often compared with the chicken-and-egg problem of how life began with the development of DNA/RNA as well as proteins-based cell machinery is vital for the beginning of life, however, without the emergence of life the chemical process that allows it is not working.
Research in the field of abiogenesis requires collaboration between scientists from a variety of fields. This includes prebiotic chemists astrobiologists, planetary scientists geophysicists and geologists.
Evolutionary Changes
The term "evolution" is used to describe the general changes in genetic traits over time. These changes may result from adaptation to environmental pressures, as described in the entry on Darwinism (see the entry on Charles Darwin for background) or may result from natural selection.
This latter mechanism increases the frequency of genes that confer an advantage for survival in the species, leading to an overall change in the appearance of an entire group. The specific mechanisms behind these evolutionary changes are mutation, reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and also gene flow between populations.
Natural selection is the process that allows beneficial mutations to become more common. All organisms undergo changes and reshuffles of their genes. This happens because, as mentioned above those who have the beneficial trait tend to have a higher fertility rate than those with it. Over the course of several generations, this variation in the number of offspring produced can result in gradual changes in the amount of desirable traits within a group of.
One good example is the increase in beak size on different species of finches in the Galapagos Islands, which have developed different beak shapes to enable them to more easily access food in their new environment. These changes in shape and form could also help create new organisms.
The majority of changes are caused by a single mutation, but sometimes several occur simultaneously. Most of these changes can be harmful or neutral however, a small percentage could have a positive impact on the survival of the species and reproduce and increase their frequency over time. Natural selection is a process that can produce the accumulating changes over time that lead to the creation of a new species.
Some people confuse the notion of evolution with the notion that inherited characteristics can be changed through conscious choice or use and abuse, which is called soft inheritance. This is a misinterpretation of the biological processes that lead up to the process of evolution. A more accurate description of evolution is that it is a two-step process involving the independent, and often competing, forces of natural selection and mutation.
Origins of Humans
Modern humans (Homo sapiens) evolved from primates - a group of mammals that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. The earliest human fossils show that our ancestors were bipeds - walkers with two legs. Genetic and biological similarities suggest that we are closely related to Chimpanzees. In reality, our closest relatives are chimpanzees of the Pan genus. This includes pygmy as well as bonobos. The last common ancestor
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Humans have developed a range of traits over time including bipedalism, the use of fire, and the development of advanced tools. However, it is only in the last 100,000 years or so that the majority of the characteristics that differentiate us from other species have been developed. These include a big, complex brain and the capacity of humans to create and use tools, and cultural diversity.
The process of evolution occurs when genetic changes allow individuals of a population to better adapt to their surroundings. This adaptation is triggered by natural selection, which is a process by which certain traits are preferred over other traits. People with better adaptations are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. This is how all species evolve, and the foundation for the theory of evolution.
Scientists call this the "law of natural selection." The law states that species that share an ancestor will tend to develop similar characteristics over time. This is because these traits make it easier for them to live and reproduce in their natural environment.
Every organism has DNA molecules, which contains the information needed to guide their growth and development. The structure of DNA is composed of base pairs arranged in a spiral around sugar and phosphate molecules. The sequence of bases within each strand determines the phenotype or the individual's unique appearance and behavior. A variety of changes and reshuffling of genetic material (known as alleles) during sexual reproduction cause variations in a population.
Fossils from the earliest human species Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis have been found in Africa,
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